Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Ben Andrews. Andrews discusses issues associated with colonization in Canada, making reference to Dene communities and the Oka Crisis.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Ben Weenie, Battlefords Indian Health
Alternate Title
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples - Transcriptions of Public Hearings and Round Table Discussions
Documents & Presentations
Author/Creator
Ben Weenie
Description
File contains a presentation by Ben Weenie of Battlefords, Indian Health. Weenie presents on his concerns for Aboriginal children and youth. Specifically he addresses the condition of youth offenders, who he views as being often caught in a destructive cycle. Weenie also discusses concerns with the Saskatchewan Education curriculum and its attempts to incorporate Native Studies courses which he feels are inappropriately taught (especially with regards to spiritual views). Following the presentation is a discussion between Weenie and Commissioners Blakeney and Erasmus on these issues.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Bent G. Sivertz Former Commissioner of the Northwest Territories
Alternate Title
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples - Transcriptions of Public Hearings and Round Table Discussions
Documents & Presentations
Author/Creator
Brent G. Sivertz
Description
The file contains a presentation by Brent G. Sivertz, Former Commissioner of the Northwest Territories. Gerard Kenney assists Mr. Sivertz as he is feeling ill. The presentation deals with the High Arctic Relocation program, the rationale behind it, and Mr. Sivertz's role in it. Sivertz claims that some of the allegations made at earlier Commission hearings were untrue, and that no Inuit were forcibly relocated. Following the presentation the assembled Commissioners question Sivertz on the contents of his presentation.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Bernard Cleary
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Bernard Cleary. Cleary, a Montagnais man, Aboriginal negotiator, advisor to several Aboriginal nations, and journalist, discusses his experiences and belief that the government will not act on Aboriginal issues until the political will develops to do so. Following his presentation Commissioner Dussault thanks him for his submission.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Bernd Christmas, Chairman, Native Canadian Centre of Toronto Self-Government Committee
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Bernd Christmas, Chairman, Native Canadian Centre of Toronto Self-Government Committee. Christmas discusses the historical phenomenon of Aboriginal migration to urban areas, the establishment of clubs and their historical evolution into Friendship Centres, and the Native Canadian Centre of Toronto. Christmas discusses his organizations views on urban self-governance, and the work they have done in this area. Following the presentation is a discussion between Christmas and Commissioners Blakeney and Erasmus, followed by the closing of the days proceedings.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Bernice Dubeck, Chairperson, Thunder Bay Native Interagency Council
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Bernice Dubec that recommends that the federal and provincial governments develop a more proactive strategy in addressing the needs of Aboriginal people through direct transfer payments to urban councils that would facilitate an effective and efficient community development process. Following the presentation is a question-and-answer session with the Commissioners.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Bertha Clark, Athabasca Native Friendship Centre
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains an presentation by Bertha Clar representing the recently-opened Athabasca Native Friendship Centre. She speaks about a variety of issues such as minimal funding for Friendship Centres, bingo as an inreliable source of funding, the Canadian Constitution and discrimination against women. Following the presentation is a question-and-answer session with the Commissioners.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Betty Collicott, Mayor of Fort McMurray
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Betty Collicott, Mayor of Fort McMurray. Collicott discusses her views on the Commission, and the ommission of municipal government's from its mandate. Collicott then expounds upon why she thinks municipal governments are very important, and some of her concerns regarding local Aboriginal issues including neglect of the Metis population, homelessness, delivery of services, and family breakdown.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Billy Day, Inuvialuit Communications Society
Documents & Presentations
Author/Creator
Billy Day
Description
Vice-President of the organization discusses his organization's role providing information and entertainment to the Inuvialuit (Inuit) of the Western Arctic; the importance of media and communications; their newspaper and television operations; revitalizing the Inuit language and culture via media; the cultural effects of southern mass media on the Inuit; funding, equipment, and staffing concerns; and a recommendation to the Commission that Aboriginal peoples get the same resources and consideration for their broadcasters as French and English Canadians do.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by BillyJo De La Ronde, Labour Canada
Documents & Presentations
Description
The file contains a presentation by BillyJo De La Ronde, Labour Canada. De La Ronde discusses his ideas on Metis history, politics, economic development, education, self-governance, and self-determination (between the last two concepts he draws a clear distinction). Following the presentaiton Commissioner Chartrand and Wilson discuss some of the issues raised with De La Ronde.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Bob Fix and Norman Champagne on behalf of Fairview College
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Bob Fix and Norman Champagne on behalf of Fairview College. Fix discusses the college's experience with providing post-secondary education for Aboriginal people who form 60-65 percent of the student body. Following the presentation is a discussion between Fix and Commissioners Dussault and Robinson on the college's operations and programming.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Bonita Chlow, Ingamo Hall Friendship Centre
Alternate Title
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples - Transcriptions of Public Hearings and Round Table Discussions
Documents & Presentations
Description
Presenter discusses the need for: literacy programs in the community, hands-on practically oriented education programs, low-level educational and life skills training, alcoholism counselling services, detox centre; problems with increasingly limited hospital facilities and a lack of psychiatric facilities; the need for a local victim assistance service organization in the community; as well as financial and staffing concerns at the Friendship Centre itself. Following the presentation Jimmy Omilgoituk comments on related education matters in the community.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Boyce Richardson, Author
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Boyce Richardson, Author. Richardson discusses his own work with and among Aboriginal people over the preceding forty years, and the views he has developed in the process. Richardson specifically discusses his experiences with the Algonquin people of Barrier Lake, Quebec, as well as across the country and makes a recommendation to the Commission that it tell Canadians that "these days are over.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Brenda Bernhardt-Mcnabb, NWT Council of Friendship Centres, Chairperson
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Chairperson Brenda Bernhardt-McNabb of the Northwest Territories Council of Friendship Centres. Bernhardt-McNabb discusses the role of her organization which is to "assist those centres who may have difficulty in funding, managements, role and responsibilities of boards and staff, and so forth" at the territorial level. Bernhardt-McNabb discusses some of the funding challenges faced by Northwest Territories Friendship Centres.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Brenda Gedeon Miller, Listuguj Mi'kmaq First Nation Government
Documents & Presentations
Author/Creator
Brenda Gedeon Miller
Description
This file contains a presentation by Brenda Gedeon Miller that first gives a brief history of the Mi'kmaq Nation in Canada, describing Mi'kmaq government and the Mi'kmaq way of life. The presenter's First Nation has recently begun to assert its jurisdiction within their territory and have reorganized the administration of their local government, and also have obtained a mandate from community members to continue to "reassemble our Nation, our governments and our communities." A lengthy question-and-answer session with the Commissioners follows the presentation.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Brenda Mary Jones, Cathy Sewell, Marty Landry and Alan Telford, Aboriginal Student Council, University of Alberta
Documents & Presentations
Description
This file contains a presentation by members of the Aboriginal Student Council at the University of Alberta. Among their concerns is the hiring of a non-Aboriginal as Director of Native Student Services, funding cuts to Aboriginal post-secondary education in Alberta, and the necessity for a Native Student Centre. A question-and-answer session with the Commissioners follows the presentation.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Brian Cook, Individual Presentation
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Brian Cook. Cook discusses the need to incorporate Aboriginal history into school curriculums, the importance of having a land base, the Indian Act, the lack of an economic base for the reserve system, and problems with the justice system. Much of Cook's presentation deals with systemic racism. Following the presentation is a discussion between Cook and the Commissioners on the issues he has raised.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Bridget Elliott, Martha Mackenzie
Documents & Presentations
Description
The file contains a presentation by Bridget Elliott and Martha Mackenzie. Elliott and Mackenzie, representing the Sudbury Anishnawbaequek, discuss the relationship between Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal people with respect to educational institutions and curricula, youth issues, women's issues, and the N'Swakamok Native Friendship Centre in Sudbury. During the presentation Commissioners Dussault and Sillett discuss some of the issues raised with the two presenters.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Bryan Pearson
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Bryan Pearson. Pearson discusses problems faced by Inuit communities in the fields of health and education. Pearson also discusses the cultural gap between Inuit and Euro-Canadians and the problems that can cause in implementing social policy. Following this presentation the Commission's sitting for the day is officially ended with a closing prayer.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Bud Neville
Alternate Title
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples - Transcriptions of Public Hearings and Round Table Discussions
Documents & Presentations
Author/Creator
Bud Neville
Description
The file contains a presentation by Bud Neville. Neville, a former employee of the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, discusses his experiences in Resolute Bay, Northwest Territories (now Nunavut) with regard to the High Arctic Relocation program. Following Neville's presentation the assembled Commissioners discuss some of the issues raised with him.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Buddy Napoleon
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Buddy Napoleon. Napoleon presents a history of Aboriginal peoples from a legal perspective from early colonization up until the present day in the Treaty Eight area. Napoleon then makes a series of policy recommendations to the Commission to rectify his concerns with government actions in the area. Following Napoleon's presentation, Napoleon and previous presenter Chief Berni Metecheah field questions from Commissioner Georges Erasmus related to issues facing the Halfway River First Nation.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Bunt Cranmer, United Native Nations, Local 144
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Bunt Cranmer, United Native Nations, Local 144. Cranmer discusses his organization which he describes as "part of the B.C. body of the United Native Nations and Ernie Gray is our acting president. And the United Native Nations B.C. body is part of the Native Council of Canada. And these two organizations are the lobbying force for the off-reserve, status, non-status, Inuit and Metis people."
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Buzzie (Henry) Phillips and Rudy Simard
Alternate Title
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples - Transcriptions of Public Hearings and Round Table Discussions
Documents & Presentations
Author/Creator
Buzzie (Henry) Phillips
Rudy Simard
Description
File contains a presentation by Buzzie (Henry) Phillips, and Rudy Simard. These two individuals speak on behalf of the community of Manigotagan, the Manigotagan Community Council, the Aboriginal Council of Manigotagan and Bill C-31 off-reserve Indians and the proposed Chillwee Indian Band. Their presentations make a variety of recommendations to aid Métis and non-Status Indian populations in the area particularly with respect to government jurisdiction, land rights, and natural resources. Following the presentation are remarks by Commissioners Sillet and Chartrand on the presentations.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Cajetan Rich
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Cajetan Rich. Rich delivers a brief history of the community of Davis Inlet, Labrador. Rich discusses the community from the 1700s to contemporary times.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Calvin Francis, Gander Bay Indian Band
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Calvin Francis, Gander Bay Indian Band. Francis discusses a variety of issues including hunting and fishing rights, relations with the federal and provincial governments, and the history of the Band which was formally incorporated in 1970. Following Francis' presentation is a discussion between him and Commissioners Robinson, Erasmus and Jeddore on some of the issues facing the Band.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Calvin White, Flat Bay Band
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Calvin White of the Flat Bay Indian Band. White discusses a range of issues including the Indian Act, Aboriginal self-governance, and social problems. Following the presentation Commissioners Erasmus and Robinson discuss some of the issues raised with White.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Captain Douglas Campbell
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Captain Douglas Campbell. Campbell delivers a speech accusing Commissioner Wilson for not being a citizen, criticizing the Commission as a waste of time, and blaming international capitalism and a variety of other assorted groups for the world's woes. Following the presentation Commissioners Wilson, Blakeney, and Sillet take exception to his remarks. Warning: contains content that some may find offensive.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Carol Croxon
Alternate Title
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples - Transcriptions of Public Hearings and Round Table Discussions
Documents & Presentations
Author/Creator
Carol Croxon
Description
File contains a presentation by Carol Croxon. Croxon, who works for the Ojibway Family Resource Centre, Nipissing First Nation, discusses family violence and associated issues. Following the presentation Croxon discusses some of the issues raised with Commissioners Wilson and Sillett.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Cathy LaValley
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Cathy LaValley. LaValley discusses the federal "Pathways to Success" educational and job-training program in Saskatchewan, specifically as it pertains to Metis residents.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Celeste McKay and Joyce Courchene, Indigenous Womens Collective
Documents & Presentations
Description
The file contains a presentation by Celeste McKay and Joyce Courchene, Indigenous Womens Collective. McKay and Courchene discuss Aboriginal women's issues with relation to self-determination, economics, and the Indian Act. They make some policy recommendations to the Commission with regard to these issues. Following the presentation Commissioners Chartrand and Erasmus discuss some of the issues raised with the two presenters.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Charlotte Hazel, Alenda Dejarlais-Louish, Native Council of Nova Scotia
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Charlotte Hazel and Alenda Dejarlais-Louish, Native Council of Nova Scotia.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Charlotte Wolfrey and Toby Andersen
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Charlotte Wolfrey, Rigolet Housing and Toby Andersen, Chairman of the Torngat Regional Housing Association. Wolfrey gives an overview of the housing situation in Labrador, and Andersen discusses the rural native housing program for Inuit and rural residents in the province. Commissioners Dussault and Robinson contribute some questions on housing in the area.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Cheryl Lynn Hagan-Deschamps, Tawaak Housing Association
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Cheryl Lynn Hagan-Deschamps of the Tawaak Housing Association. Hagan-Deschamps discusses her organizations work in providing urban Aboriginal housing, and recommends that Aboriginal organizations be exempted from government cutbacks to housing funds going on at the time. Following the presentation the assembled Commissioners discuss Aboriginal housing and funding concerns with Hagan-Deschamps.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Cheryl Ogram and Cal Albright, City of Saskatoon Race Relations Committee
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Cheryl Ogram and Cal Albright relating to the Aboriginal Relations Subcommittee, part of the Race Relations Committee. A number of recommendations are offered, including policies and programs affecting Aboriginal people be reviewed for systemic racism as well as cultural sensitivity and appropriateness, after consultation with Aboriginal people. Also recommended is all municipalities consulting with the Aboriginal community on any new policies that affect the community. Following the presentation is a question-and-answer session with the Commissioners.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Agnes Snow, Canoe Creek Indian Band
Documents & Presentations
Author/Creator
Agnes Snow
Description
Presentation focusing on residential schools and government policy. Snow states that because the federal government wanted to assimilate Aboriginal peoples, they have lost their languages, traditions and values. Family violence, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, unemployment and poor physical and mental health are problematic on her First Nation, and she calls on the Commission to ensure that her First Nation continues to receive government funding to combat these social problems. A question-and-answer session with the Commissioners follows the presentation.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Andrew Kirkness
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains remarks by Chief Andrew Kirkness welcoming the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples to The Pas, Manitoba, and expressing his hopes for the process.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Archie Waguan, Mikisew Band
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief Archie Waguan of the Mikisew Cree First Nation. Waguan discusses the relationship his people have had with the government of Canada since they signed Treaty Eight in 1899, and the negative impact that the Canadian government and industry have had on their community and the environment which sustains it. Waguan questions the intentions of the Commission and its mandate. Commissioner Blakeney responds to the concerns raised by Waguan, and Commissioner Chartrand also contributes some comments.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Bernard Meneen, Narcisse Moberly, Chief Johnson Sewegaham, Francis Meneen, Gabe Meneen, Cliff Kazony, Harold Cardinal, High Level Tribal Council
Alternate Title
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples - Transcriptions of Public Hearings and Round Table Discussions
Documents & Presentations
Author/Creator
Bernard Meneen
Narcisse Moberly
Johnson Sewegaham
Francis Meneen
Gabe Meneen
Cliff Kazony
Harold Cardinal
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief Bernard Meneen, Narcisse Moberly, Chief Johnson Sewegaham, Francis Meneen, Gabe Meneen, Cliff Kazony, and Harold Cardinal, High Level Tribal Council. The file consists of two formal presentations by the Tribal Council and a dialogue between the representatives and the assembled Commissioners.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Berni Metecheah, Halfway River Reserve
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief Berni Metecheah, Halfway First Nation. Chief Metecheah outlines some of his concerns over resource development (specifically logging activities) disrupting trap lines, and associated pollution. Metecheah also highlights his concerns with sport hunters wasting moose carcasses and over-hunting in the area, as well as the detrimental impact of herbicides on his community.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Bill Erasmus of the Dene Nation
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief Bill Erasmus of the Dene Nation. Erasmus welcomes the Commission to Denedeh, the Dene homeland, and discusses "the policy that the government has adopted over the years regarding discussions with our peoples in Canada concerining the spelling out of our rights and the requirement for extinguishment," as well as the traditional Dene economy of hunting and trapping. Following the presentation the assembled Commissioners discuss some of the issues raised with Erasmus.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Bob Gill, Chief William George, Margaret George and Sandra Tigi, Takla Lake Band
Alternate Title
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples - Transcriptions of Public Hearings and Round Table Discussions
Documents & Presentations
Author/Creator
Bob Gill
William George
Margaret George
Sandra Tigi
Description
File contains a presentation by four members of the Talka Lake Band addressing a wide range of issues affecting their community, including the Indian Act, land claims and self-government, free trade, Aboriginal war veterans and Aboriginal youth.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Calvin McArthur Chief of Pheasant Rump Nakoda Band, Dakota Nation Chiefs
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief Calvin McArthur of the Pheasant Rump Nakoda Band. McArthur is also a representative of the Dakota Nation Chiefs. McArthur explains his view that the Treaties are nation to nation agreements, and relates how his own band signed an adhesion to Treaty No. 4 in 1876.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Councillor Earl Smith
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief Councillor Earl Smith. Smith addresses his concern over justice, and how it relates to self-government and the lands claims process. Smith sees an indigenous system of justice based on his people's values as fundamental to self-governance. Following the presentation is a brief conversation between Mr. Smith and Commissioner Erasmus on the topics discussed.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Councillor Francis Frank, Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations, Financial Relations Between Governments
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief Councillor, Francis Frank, Tla-O-Qui-Aht First Nations Financial Relations between Governments. Chief Frank's presentation discusses relations between Federal and Provincial governments and First Nations, and what he thinks the is need for governments to adjust their attitude in dealing with each other. Frank discusses housing issues, and the need for governments to demonstrate trust and faith in their relationship with First Nations.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Counsillor Kelly Dennis, Ohiaht Child Protection
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief Councillor, Kelly Dennis, Ohiaht Child Protection. Kelly discusses the traditional cultural approach of the Nuu-Chah-Nulth people to childcare, the breakdown of the traditional process during colonization, the impact of the residential school system, the need for self-governance, social programs in place and who administers them, and what can be improved in Mr. Dennis' view.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Flett
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief Flett regarding issues including self-government, Aboriginal and Treaty Rights, land, resources, the environment, gambling, fiscal arrangements, health, social services, economic development, on-reserve policing, the justice system, education, housing, and community infrastructure. Following the presentation is a discussion between Chief Flett and Commissioners Blakeney and Chartrand regarding the issues raised in the presentation.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief George Watts, Chairman of the Nuu-Chah-Nulth Tribal Council
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief George Watts. Watts discusses the land claims, or Treaty, process in British Columbia, the Canadian Constitution, and self-governance issues. Watts lays out how he sees the three issues as intertwined, and the resolution of them to be related. Following the presentation the presenter discusses some of these issues with Commissioners Erasmus, and Robinson.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Gerald Beaucage
Alternate Title
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples - Transcriptions of Public Hearings and Round Table Discussions
Documents & Presentations
Author/Creator
Gerald Beaucage
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief Gerald Beaucage of the Nipissing First Nation. Chief Beaucage discusses the demographic composition of his First Nation, Bill C-31, on and off-reserve populations, housing issues, the Nation's land base and related land issues, a proposed "First Nation Chartered Land Act" with 17 components, land claims, education concerns, and language concerns.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Gerald Wesley, Kitsumkalum Band
Documents & Presentations
Description
The file contains a presentation by Chief Gerald Wesley of the Kitsumkalum Band. Chief Wesley welcomes the Commission, expresses his hopes for it, and gives some demographic, cultural, and territorial information on his people. Chief Wesley discusses the political structure of his people, their relationship to other Aboriginal groups, and the federal government.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples: Presentation by Chief Jack Thompson
Documents & Presentations
Description
File contains a presentation by Chief Councillor Jack Thompson regarding the distribution and structure of Social Services on the reserves of the Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) First Nation. Thompson makes some suggestions about how resources could be better utilized, and discusses the amtter with Commissioners Erasmus, Robinson, and Keitlah.