Argues that there must be internal community development of structures and institutions before initiatives can be effectively carried out. In addition, the article discusses four specific programmes in: Indian Brook, Nova Scotia, Sandy Lake and Attawapiskat in Northern Ontario, and Metropolitan Toronto.

Case studies listed under three themes: collaboration, integration / linkages, and awareness. Programs from eight communities are highlighted: Osoyoos Indian Band, Kainai Home Care, Indian Brook, Battlefords Tribal Council Indian Health Services Inc., Sagkeeng First Nation, Walpole Island, Kitigan Zibi, and Kwanlin Dun.